Immune system-produced protective proteins called antibodies are essential for recognizing and getting rid of aberrant materials or antigens from within living things. Antibodies have a universal function, yet various animals have diverse structures. A recent study that examined the structure of the IgM antibody in rainbow trout provided insight into polymeric antibody evolution. IgM polymeric...

A type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells called the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) creates an intricate network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures called cisternae. The outer nuclear membrane and its membranes are one and the same. All eukaryotic cell types—aside from spermatozoa and red blood cells—have endoplasmic reticulum. Rough and smooth endoplasmic...

Pancreatic Cancer Diagnostic Development Pain, weight loss, exhaustion, and an increase in stomach fluid are warning indicators of pancreatic cancer. When a patient reports experiencing these symptoms, they are often evaluated using physical examinations, blood tests, ultrasounds, and X-rays. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and computed tomography (CT scan) are utilized to help assess the tumor's...

GMP Lentivirus Production A unique suspension of HEK293 and HEK293T cell lines cultured without the use of animals has been created. To produce adenoviruses and lentiviruses, cell lines that have been quickly optimized for the scalable production of all serotypes and adeno-associated virus chimeras (AAV) can also be created.   High-density adherent cell culture bioreactors are used to...

GMP Lentivirus Production A unique suspension of HEK293 and HEK293T cell lines cultured without the use of animals has been created. To produce adenoviruses and lentiviruses, cell lines that have been quickly optimized for the scalable production of all serotypes and adeno-associated virus chimeras (AAV) can also be created.   High-density adherent cell culture bioreactors are used to...

A family of stimulus-responsive biomaterials for regulated drug administration is called elastin-like polypeptides, or ELPs. Short repeating peptide motifs with VPGXP, where X is a guest residue that can be any amino acid other than proline, make up the structure of ELPs. ELPs, a stimulus-responsive biomaterial, aggregate form a micron-sized coacervate at a temperature over the reverse...